Heath:
The question is:
Is marriage good for individuals?
Is marriage the preferred state for those with children?
Vexen says most agree that marriage is a good thing. That's what I'm wondering. I always assumed that too, but statistics don't seem to support that long held assumption.
I would argue that marriage is indeed good for individuals. Consider that married individuals are more likely to volunteer than single individuals, and that volunteerism both benefits individuals and communities. Of course, there are some differences between men and women, but childbearing also can increase volunteerism.
Consider "A Time to Join, A Time to Quit: The Influence of Life Cycle Transitions on Voluntary Association Membership" by Rotolo and "Volunteer Work and Well-Being" by Thoits and Hewitt for more information on that.
In another interesting article, specifically on general surgery residents, married residents were both happier about actually going to work, enjoyed their jobs more, and felt like they belonged in their respective programs more than non-married residents. However, there were issues with family strain and financial security if children were involved, but the positive benefits were still there.
See: "Effect of Marriage and Children on the Experience of 4402 US General
Surgery Residents" by Sullivan et al.
I understand that the conclusions of these articles are extremely limited, but I believe marriage tends to be an overall beneficial thing for both individuals and society as a whole.
As for the question of the effect of marriage on parents and their children, the effect is largely a beneficial one. Just take a look at any single-mother statistics, and you'll find your answer. Of course, early teen marriage is another story, but there's still a difference between the success of unmarried, teenage mothers and that of married ones. There's also research that I've seen on the effects of marriage on poverty; transitioning from a single-mother household to a married household can be efficacious.
I think it almost goes without saying that, just like two heads are better than one, two parents are better than one for raising children. Two parents can mean more familial income and more time spent with children (which has a huge impact on future success). Human beings are social animals, and marriage is a social contract, so there's that aspect of things too; it's no wonder than marriage can increase happiness, or encourage people to volunteer and the like.