Albanian | Albanian | Albanian | Gheg | Latin | north of and near the Shkumbin river |
Tosk | Latin | south of and near the Shkumbin river |
Altaic | Japanic | | | | (far from Europe) |
Koreanic | | | | (far from Europe) |
Mongolic | Mongolian | koine/common | Mongolian | Golden Horde |
Khitan | Khitan | Khitan large, Khitan small | dying language of the Kara-Khitan Khanate remnants |
Tunguskic | | | | (far from Europe) |
Turkic | Arghu | Khalaj | ? | just moving to the Valley of Kabul, some Khalaj people joining the Mongols |
Karluk | Khorezmian | Arabic | Golden Horde |
Uyghur (Old Turkic, not modern Uyghur) | Old Turkic, Sogdian | Xinjiang region |
Kipchak | Bashkir | ? | Bashkirs - southeast of Volga Bulgaria |
Cuman | Latin, Rovasiras | Cuman/Kipchak Khanates |
Fergana Kipchak | ? | Fergana Valley |
Kipchak | Latin, Rovasiras | Cuman/Kipchak Khanates |
Kumyk | ? | Kumyk plateau - on western coast of Caspian Sea north of Shirvan |
Kyrgyz | Old Turkic | roughly present-day Kyrgyzstan |
Tatar | Arabic | east of Volga Bulgaria |
Oghur | Bulgar | Arabic, Orkhon | Volga Bulgaria |
Chuvash | Arabic, Orkhon | Volga Bulgaria |
Khazar | ? | recently dead language of Khazars |
Turkic Avar | - | dead language of Eurasian Avars |
Oghuz | Afshar | ? | Azerbaijan |
Azerbaijani | Arabic | Azerbaijan |
Ghuzz (Turkmen) | Old Turkic | ? |
Khorasani | ? | ? |
Pecheneg | Latin, Rovasiras | Cuman/Kipchak Khanates |
Turkish (Old Anatolian Turkish) | Arabic (predominantly), Greek | Anatolia |
Siberian | | | (far from Europe) |
Armenian | Armenian | Armenian | Armenian | Armenian | Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia |
Aryan | Indic | Dardic | Kashmiri | Sharada | Kashmir |
Pashayi | - | northern Ghur - just south of the Hindu Kush |
Shina | Devanagari | Kashmir and northern Ghur - just south of the Hindu Kush |
? | ? | ? |
Romani-Domani | Domani | - | ? |
Lomavren | - | ? |
Romani | - | ? |
(other Indic languages) | | | (far from Europe) |
Iranian | Eastern Iranian | Avestan | Avestan, Pahlavi | liturgical Zoroastrianism |
Bactrian | Greek, Manichaean | - |
Khwarezmian | Aramaic | Kwarazm |
Pashto | Aramaic | Ghur |
Scytho-Sarmatian (Ossetian) | Greek | central Caucasus - around the Bolshoi Zelenchuk river valley |
Sogdian | Sogdian, Manichaean | Kwarazm, Transoxiana |
Western Iranian | Bactrian Parsi | Arabic, Pahlavi | Bactria - just north of the Hindu Kush |
Baloch | Arabic, Pahlavi | Kirman, Makran |
Kurdish | Arabic, Pahlavi | Jibal |
Luri | Arabic, Pahlavi | Khuzistan |
Persian (Parsik) | Arabic, Pahlavi | court dialect |
Sogdian Parsi | Arabic, Pahlavi | Sogdia |
Tabari (Mazanderani) | Arabic, Pahlavi | Mazandaran |
Nuristani | ? | ? | ? | Hindu Kush |
Balto-Slavic | Baltic | Eastern Baltic | Curonian | - | between the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga |
Latvian | Latin (just starting) | north of the Daugava River |
Lithuanian | Latin (starting soon) | north of the Neman River |
Selonian | - | between the Latgalians and the Semigallians and the Lithuanians |
Semigallian | - | south of the Gulf of Riga |
Western Baltic | Galindian | - | south of and between the Prussians and the Yotvingians (Sudovians) |
Prussian | Latin | south of the Baltic Sea and east of the Vistula River |
Skalvian | - | around the Neman River by the Baltic Sea |
Sudovian (Yotvingian) | ? | between the Neman River and the Narew River and the Pregola River |
Slavic | East Slavonic (Ruthenian) | Belorussian | Cyrillic | ? |
Russian | Cyrillic | ? |
Ukrainian | Cyrillic | ? |
South Slavonic | Bulgarian | Cyrillic | ? |
Old Church Slavonic | Glagolitic | ? |
Serbian | Latin | ? |
West Slavonic | Czech | Latin | Bohemia, Moravia |
Polish | Latin | ? |
Slovak | Latin | ? |
Sorbian (Wendish) | Latin | Lusatia, Rugen, Brandenburg, Pomerania |
Basque | Basque | Basque | ? | ? | northern Navarre and a little beyond |
Berber | Berber | Berber | Atlas Tamazight | Arabic, Tifinagh | ? |
Kabyle | Arabic, Tifinagh | ? |
Riffian | Arabic, Tifinagh | ? |
Shawi | Arabic, Tifinagh | ? |
Tashelhit | Arabic, Tifinagh | ? |
Tuareg | Tifinagh | ? |
Guanche | Guanche | Guanche | ? | Canary Islands |
Caucasic | Northeastern | Avar-Andic | ? | - | ? |
Avar | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | lingua franca for Avar-Andic and Tsezic languages |
Dargi | ? | ? | ? |
Khinalug (Xinalug) | Khinalug (Xinalug) | ? | ? |
Lak | Lak | ? | ? |
Lezgic | ? | ? | ? |
Nakh | Batsbi (Bats) | ? | ? |
Chechen | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | ? |
Ingush | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | ? |
Tsezic (Didoic) | ? | - | ? |
Northwestern | Abkhaz-Abaza (Abazgi) | Abaza | - | ? |
Abkhaz (Abxaz) | - | ? |
Circassian (Cherkess) | Adyghe (Adyge) | - | ? |
Kabardian | - | ? |
Ubykh | Karacalar | - | ? |
Ubykh | - | around Sochi |
Celtic | Celtic | Brythonic | Breton | Latin | Brittany |
Cornish | Latin | Cornwall |
Cumbric | Latin | northern England, Scottish lowlands |
Welsh | Latin | Wales |
Goidelic (Gaelic) | Connacht | Latin | western Ireland |
Galwegian | Latin | Kingdom of the Isles |
Highland (Erse) | Latin | Scotland |
Leinster | Latin | eastern Ireland |
Manx | Latin | Isle of Mann |
Munster | Latin | southern Ireland |
Ulster | Latin | northern Ireland |
Egyptian | Egyptian | Coptic | Akhmimic / Lycopolitan (Subakhmimic, Assiutic) | Coptic | some texts |
Bohairic (Memphitic) | Coptic | dying out in Lower Egypt, new liturgical language for Coptic Orthodox Church |
Fayyumic (Bashmuric) / Oxyrhynchite (Mesokemic) | Coptic | some texts |
Sahidic (Thebaic) | Coptic | Upper Egypt, most texts, old liturgical language for Coptic Orthodox Church |
Demotic | Demotic | Demotic | old papyrus texts |
Egyptian | Archaic Egyptian | Hieratic, Hieroglyphic | ancient texts, tombs |
Early Egyptian | Hieratic, Hieroglyphic | ancient texts, tombs |
Late Egyptian | Hieratic, Hieroglyphic | ancient texts, tombs |
Middle Egyptian | Hieratic, Hieroglyphic | ancient texts, tombs |
Germanic | Anglo-Saxon | English | East Midland (East Anglian) | Latin | eastern England north of the Thames |
Kentish | Latin | eastern England south of the Thames |
Northern (Northumbrian) | Latin | northern England, Scottish lowlands |
Southern (West Saxon) | Latin | western England south of the Thames |
West Midland (West Anglian) | Latin | western England north of the Thames |
German | Dutch | Brabantian | Latin | Brabant |
Hollandic | Latin | Holland |
Limburgish | Latin | ? |
Low Saxon | Latin | ? |
Zealandic | Latin | Flanders |
East German | Burgundic | ? | - |
Crimean Gothic | ? | Gothia |
Gothic | Gothic | House Bjornaer mysteries |
Vandalic | ? | - |
High German | Bavarian | Latin | ? |
Franconian | Latin | ? |
Rhenish | Latin | ? |
Swabian | Latin | ? |
Swiss | Latin | ? |
Yiddish (Judeo-German) | Hebrew | German Jews |
Low German | Flemish | Latin | Flanders |
Frisian | Latin | Friesland |
Pomeranian | Latin | ? |
Saxon | Latin | ?, Burzenland, lingua franca for Baltic trade |
Old Norse | East Norse | Danish | Latin, Runic | Denmark |
Scanian | Latin, Runic | Scania |
Swedish | Latin, Runic | Sweden |
Gutnish | Gutnish | Latin, Runic | Gotland |
West Norse | Faroese | Latin, Runic | Faroe Islands |
Greenlandic | Latin, Runic | Greenland |
Icelandic | Latin, Runic | Iceland |
Norn | Latin, Runic | Caithness, Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland |
Norwegian | Latin, Runic | Norway, a few isolated spots in eastern Britain |
Hellenic | Greek | Byzantine Greek | Cappadocian | Greek | south-central Anatolia |
koine/common/Demotic | Greek | Byzantine (Roman) Empire |
Pontic | Greek | southeastern coast of Black Sea |
Yevanic | Hebrew | Byzantine Jews |
Classical Greek | Aeolic | Greek | - |
Attic | Greek | literature of Classical Greece, Biblical Greek |
Doric / Tsakonian | Greek | small region in eastern Greece near Tyros |
Ionic | Greek | - |
Homeric | Greek | - |
Koine Greek | koine/common | Greek | - |
Kartvelian | Karto-Zan | Georgian | Georgian | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | Georgia (including Tskhumi) |
Zan | Laz | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | southwestern corner of Georgia |
Mingrelian | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | coastal northwestern corner of Georgia (including Tskhumi) |
Svan | Svan | Svan | Nuskhuri, Asomtavruli, Mkhedruli | northern edge of the northwestern corner of Georgia (near Dombai-Ulgen) |
Romance (Latinate) | Balkan Romance | Vlach | Aromanian | Latin | Illyria, northern Greece |
Romanian | Latin | Romanians |
Island Romance | Sardinian | Campidanese | Latin | southern Sardinia |
Logudorese-Nuorese | Latin | northern and central Sardinia |
Italo-Romance | Tuscan | Corsican | Latin | Corsica |
Sassarese | Latin | northwestern Sardinia |
Tuscan | Latin | eastern coast of the Tirrenian north of Rome |
Neapolitan | Abruzzese | Latin | Abruzzo |
Campano | Latin | Campania |
Lucano | Latin | Calabria, Lucania |
Molisano | Latin | small region between Abruzzo, Campania, and Puglia |
Pugliese | Latin | Puglia |
Sicilian | Calabrese | Latin | most extreme end of Calabria |
Salentino | Latin | most extreme end of Puglia |
Siciliano | Latin | Sicily |
Latin | Latin | Ecclesiastical | Latin | churches |
Hermetic | Latin | Order of Hermes |
Medieval | Latin | European scholars |
Western Romance | Dalmation | Ragusan | Latin | southern Dalmatian coast |
Vegliot | Latin | northern Dalmatian coast |
Franco-Provençal | Dauphinois | Latin | ? |
Franc-Comptois | Latin | ? |
Lyonnaise | Latin | ? |
Piedmont | Latin | ? |
Savoyard | Latin | ? |
Valdotain | Latin | ? |
Vaudois | Latin | ? |
Langues d'Oil (French) | Anglo-Norman | Latin | English nobility, Channel Islands |
Bourguignon | Latin | Burgundy |
Champenois | Latin | Champagne |
Lorrain | Latin | Upper Lorraine |
Norman | Latin | Normandy, eastern Brittany, western parts of Lower and Upper Lorraine |
Orleanais | Latin | Ile de France, French nobility |
Picard | Latin | northwestern France |
Poitevin | Latin | Anjou, western Aquitaine |
Walloon | Latin | Lower Lorraine |
Latina (Mozarabic, Andalusi Romance) | ? | Arabic | Al-Andalus |
North Italian | Emiliano-Romagnolo | Latin | western coast of the Adriatic north of Rome |
Genoese (Ligurian) | Latin | thin Genoese coastline north of the Tirrenian |
Lombard | Latin | Lombardy |
Piedmontese | Latin | Piedmont |
Veneto-Istriot | Latin | northeast, north of the Po river, including the northern coastline of the Adriatic, but not into the mountains |
North Iberian | Astur-Leonese | Latin | Leon |
Galego-Portuguese | Latin | Galicia, Portugal |
Navarro-Aragonese | Latin | western Aragon, southern Navarre |
Castilian-Ladino | Latin, Hebrew | Castile, Iberian Jews |
Occitan | Auvergnat | Latin | eastern Aquitaine |
Catalan | Latin | eastern Aragon, just spreading to the Balearic Islands |
Gascon | Latin | Guyenne |
Limousin | Latin | central Aquitaine |
Provencal | Latin | Provence |
Rhaetian | Ladin | Latin | eastern Tyrol, Friuli |
Romansh | Latin | western Tyrol |
Sabir | Eastern | Latin | lingua franca of the Mediterranean |
Western | Latin | lingua franca of the Mediterranean |
Semitic | Arabic | Arabic | Andalusi | Arabic | Al-Andalus |
Egyptian | Arabic | Egypt |
Khaliji | Arabic | Arabia |
Levantine | Arabic | eastern Mediterranean coast |
Maghrebi | Arabic | north Africa west of Egypt |
Maslawi | Arabic | Iraq, Jibal |
Maltese | Maltese | Latin | Malta |
Aramaic | Aramaic | ? | ? | some Christians of the Jazira and northwest provinces |
Syriac | ? | ? | written and liturgical use by Nestorian and Jacobite Christians |
Canaanite | Hebrew | Ammonite | ? | - |
Edomite | Aramaic | - |
Hebrew | Hebrew | liturgical language of the Jews |
Moabite | Phoenician | - |
Phoenician | Phoenician | Phoenician | - |
Ethiopian | North Ethiopic | Ge'ez | Ge'ez | liturgical and scholarly language of Ethiopian Christians |
Tigre | Ge'ez | Eritrea |
Tigrinya | Ge'ez | northern Ethiopia |
South Ethiopic | ? | ? | ? |
South Arabian | ? | ? | ? | ? |
Uralic | Finno-Permic | Finnic | Finnish | - | ? |
Ingrian | ? | ? |
Karelian | ? | ? |
Livonian | ? | ? |
North Estonian | ? | ? |
South Estonian | ? | ? |
Veps | ? | ? |
Mari | Hill | ? | ? |
Meadow | ? | ? |
Mordvinic | Erzya | - | ? |
Meshcherian | - | dying out east of Moscow and north of the Oka River |
Moksha | - | ? |
Permic | Komi | Cyrillic | ? |
Udmurt | Cyrillic | ? |
Sami | Mainland | - | ? |
Northwestern | - | ? |
Peninsular | - | ? |
Southwestern | - | ? |
Samoyedic | Core Samoyedic | Enets-Nenets | - | ? |
Kamas-Selkup | - | ? |
Mator | Mator | - | ? |
Nganasan | Nganasa | - | ? |
Ugric | Magyar | Hungarian | Latin, Rovasiras | Hungary |
Transylvanian | Latin, Rovasiras | Hungarian-occupied Transylvannia |
Ob-Ugric | Khanty (Ostyak) | - | southern Urals |
Mansi (Vogul) | - | southern Urals |