Japanese Go Term Glossary
Go/Igo - A game played on the gridpoints of a 19x19 square in which players attempt to surround more territory than their opponent.
Goban - Go board.
Goishi - Go stones.
Goke - Bowl for holding go stones.
Gokaijou - A club where people of all ages can come to play go for a modest fee. Some are even sponsored or owned by high-ranking pros, who drop in from time to time to play with customers.
Kifu - A written record of a go game.
Kyu - Basic ranking system. Players with knowledge of the basic rules start at 30k and progress down to 1k.
Dan - Mastery ranking system. 1k players move to 1d when they achieve basic mastery of Go. Rank progresses upwards as high as 9d. A 6d amateur is about as strong as a 1d professional, which is notated "1p".
Nihon Ki-in - Japanese go association.
Insei league - A study group and round-robin tournament between young aspiring pros who have been hand-picked by Japan's go professionals.
Shidougo - A teaching game. The stronger player usually plays moves that test the weaker player and guides them through proper play.
Okiishi - A handicap. Unlike most games, go uses handicaps heavily in order to make games between opponents with drastically different skill levels beneficial to both players.
Kami no itte - The Hand of God, or Divine Move. This is a move, unseen by anyone but the person who plays it, that is so innovative and decisive that it sways the entire game into a sure win for that player.
Titles - There are 7 major titles (and several more minor and women's only professional tournaments) in Japan. Kisei, Meijin, Honinbou, Judan, Gosei, Oza, and Tengen. Honinbou, in particular, is important because it was originally a school of go as far back as the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 1600's. Titles were actually names taken on by the best go players in the school, like Honinbou Shuusaku (whose original name was Kuwabara Torajiro).
Please ask if there's anything you think I left out, or anything you want to know more about. Wikipedia has a handy-dandy list of in-game terminology that is a little too long for me to delve into. It also requires at least a basic understanding of the flow of a go game, so take a look if you're interested.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Go_terms#