Reliable information about the Exalted to the general public is sketchy at best. Sure, scholars and specialists may have it all figured out, but the average Joe knows only about the Exalted he worships and those nearby. So with that in mind I'll keep the information basic. You'll have to figure out the rest in-game.

Name:
Appearance:
Associated Sphere:
Traits:
Location:
Chosen:

It is said there are 10 Exalted. Here's a list of the most known to the least known.

1. Name: P'ung, The Great Thunderer, The Exalted one of Wisdom, Lord of the Sky and Seas.
Appearance: Massive. Head of a whale, tusks of an elephant, fins of a fish, body of a snake (about a mile long). Always seen flying in the skies, but in a slow deliberate way, kinda looks like he's swimming in the sky.
Associated Sphere: Weather
Traits: Where he goes a storm follows. The lands tend to elevate, especially existing mountains, the oldest ones making them look like jagged teeth.
Location: Formely only out at sea, but around half a millenia ago he started flying inland into Hestia (south of the Grasslands, north of Arcania, up to about the middle of today's Ironian empire). The Wingheld kingdom was founded and rules over the land where he flies over. He is always on the move, but his patern of movement is always the same, like clockwork.
Chosen: Yes. King of Wingheld, longest standing kingpriest.

2. Name: C'ho, Serenity, The Exhalted one of Grace, The Dandelion Mother
Appearance: Unknown. It is said only those who sought to become a Great Chieftain had layed eyes upon her. They are the ones who chose the name "Dandelion Mother" for her.
Associated Sphere: Nature
Traits: This Exalted terraforms the surrounding area into flat featureless plains. The vibrancy of life seems augmented.
Location: At the heart of the Grasslands.
Chosen: No.

3. Name: Su, The Lawkeeper Guardian, The Measured One
Appearance: A mountain.
Associated Sphere: Protection
Traits: It brings peace, harmony and progress to the people under its protection.
Location: Next to Ironia's capitol.
Chosen: The Great Magus Supreme.

4. Name: Sa, The Beast, The Exalted One of Chaos.
Appearance: Everything. It changes its appearance on a whim, from beutiful to nightmarishly ghastly that would make even hellraiser go "Damn! That's it, I'm out".
Associated Sphere: Alteration and Enhancement
Traits: It terraforms the land in unpredictable ways, but far more than that it affects the fauna, creating dire beasts and such.
Location: Unknown. Constantly on the move, except unlike P'ung, his migration is completely random.
Chosen: Unknown (probably not).

5. Name: Ryong, The B.F.D. Exalted
Appearance: Dragon
Associated Sphere: War and Fate
Traits: Unknown (aside from nearby dragons and the like breeding like rabbits).
Location: Usually near wherever conflict is the fiercest. Currently he's somewhere in the southwestern most part of Ironia, nearest to the boarder with Arcania and the Kwon-Yuu occupied region.
Chosen: No.

6. Name: Ni, The Lonely One, Forger of Bonds
Appearance: Long, sleek body like an eek, but with fur and gentle neotinous features. Its flesh and fur are translucent, giving it a rainbow sheen whenever the light hits it. Huge in size.
Associated Sphere: Conjuration
Traits: Unknown.
Location: Currently in Arcania, at the bottom of Crying Rock lake.
Chosen: Unknown.

7. Name: The Judge, The Accursed one, The Exalted one of Evil
Appearance: Humanoid
Associated Sphere: Mind and Telekinesis
Traits: None. But death, destruction and suffering follows his chosen. Ether his own or those around him.
Location: Unknown. Possibly not in this realm.
Chosen: Currently unknown, but that's only because he goes through them so fast it's impossible to keep track. It is believed he uses it as punishment for they often meet their end at their own hand.

8. Name: The Nameless One.
Appearance: Unknown.
Associated Sphere: Life and Death.
Traits: Unknown.
Location: Unknown.
Chosen: Unknown.

9. Name: Unknown
Appearance: The Sun(?)
Associated Sphere: Light and Darkness
Traits: It provides life to the world?
Location: Unknown.
Chosen: Unknown.

10. Name: The Exalted one of Compassion
Appearance: The Moon?
Associated Sphere: Illusion and Divination
Traits: Unknown.
Location: Unknown.
Chosen: Unknown.